Energy, Vulnerability and Human Security in Zambia: A Capability Approach to an Inclusive Energy Transition

Abstract

Over Zambia is one of the countries in Sub-Saharan Africa facing energy challenges due to climate
vulnerability caused by the El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO). The study uses Amartya Sen and
Martha Nussbaum's Capability Approach to analyse the vulnerabilities resulting from Zambia's quest
for energy transition. This theoretical framework is critical to understanding the challenges in
ensuring an inclusive energy transition process in the country. The methodology and data were mainly
from secondary sources. The main argument in this article is that although Zambia has embarked on
an energy transition, it is important to consider key human security vulnerabilities in this process.
The article shows that Zambia's electricity generation capacity has continued to dwindle primarily
due to a decrease in hydro generation, which is highly dependent on rainfall. The study also shows
that the Zambian government has devised several strategies and policies aimed at energy transitioning
to alleviate the problem. These strategies and policies include promoting non-renewable energy
sources like coal, oil, and natural gas to renewable and sustainable energy sources like solar.
However, the study shows that while Zambia's energy transition offers long-term benefits, it poses
immediate and significant security challenges for the country. These include economic disruptions,
infrastructure vulnerabilities, environmental conflicts and policy and regulatory challenges. This
article contributes to the ongoing discourse regarding the human security challenges and opportunities
for energy transition in Global South countries.