Investigating Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices of Lake Tana Stakeholders: Implications for Policy Integration Using Item Response Theory

Abstract

This research investigates the Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices (KAP) of stakeholders involved in the environmental protection of Lake Tana, focusing on how these factors influence policy integration efforts. The study utilizes a convergent mixed methods design, gathering data from 447 respondents, including policymakers, experts, and local community members, through questionnaires, interviews, and focus group discussions. To analyze ordered categorical responses, the Item Response Theory (IRT) Graded Response Model (GRM) was applied, enabling the estimation of discrimination and difficulty parameters for KAP items. The analysis reveals significant disparities in knowledge levels among stakeholders, with policymakers and experts exhibiting moderate knowledge and a proactive attitude toward integrated environmental management. In contrast, local communities, while displaying a strong positive attitude toward environmental protection, have lower levels of knowledge about existing policies and practices. This knowledge-practice gap poses a significant challenge to effective policy integration. The findings suggest that targeted educational initiatives and enhanced stakeholder engagement are essential for bridging this gap and fostering a more collaborative approach to environmental governance. The study concludes that improving knowledge dissemination and fostering a shared understanding among all stakeholders are crucial steps toward achieving more effective and sustainable environmental management policies for Lake Tana.